IELTS Reading: Note Completion

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The Race to the South Pole

The exploration of Antarctica in the early twentieth century represents one of the most dramatic episodes in the history of geographical discovery. The continent had been sighted by several expeditions in the 1820s, but it was not until the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration, spanning roughly 1895 to 1922, that sustained scientific and adventure-driven expeditions began to push into the interior. The contest to reach the geographic South Pole took centre stage in this period. Robert Falcon Scott, a Royal Navy officer, launched his first Antarctic expedition in 1901 aboard the Discovery. Scientific research was a priority of this expedition — the survey of the ice shelf, meteorological observations, and biological collections — alongside geographical exploration. Scott's second expedition, departing in 1910 aboard the Terra Nova, had the explicit goal of reaching the Pole. However, a telegram from the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen, received at Melbourne, informed Scott that a rival team was also heading south. Amundsen had secured funding for an Arctic expedition but pivoted to the Antarctic after Robert Peary claimed the North Pole in 1909. His approach to the South Pole was characterised by exceptional planning, experience, and pragmatism. He relied primarily on sled dogs — experienced Greenlandic dogs bred for polar conditions — choosing a route over the Axel Heiberg Glacier that was unknown to the British team. His party of five reached the South Pole on 14 December 1911 and returned safely to their base at Framheim, with no loss of life. Scott's party also reached the Pole, on 17 January 1912, only to find a Norwegian tent and flag marking Amundsen's prior arrival. The return journey proved fatal. Hampered by unusually severe weather, dwindling fuel supplies caused by leaking fuel canisters, and the declining physical condition of the team, all five members of Scott's polar party died before reaching their main base. Scott's final diary entries, found alongside the bodies eight months later, have become some of the most poignant documents in the literature of exploration.

Complete the notes below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

1.Scott's first Antarctic ship was called the ?

2.Amundsen's change of plan was triggered when ___ claimed the North Pole in 1909.

3.Amundsen primarily relied on ___ to haul his sleds.

4.Amundsen used a route through the previously unknown ___ Glacier.

5.Scott's party found evidence of Amundsen's arrival at the Pole in the form of a tent and a ___

6.One factor that contributed to Scott's disaster was leaking fuel ___ that reduced supplies.

7.Scott's diaries and the bodies of the team were discovered ___ months after the group's deaths.

Soru 1

Scott's first Antarctic ship was called the ...